Next Article in Journal
Management of Lung Cancer Presenting with Solitary Bone Metastasis
Next Article in Special Issue
Safety and Feasibility of Single-Port Trans-Axillary Robotic Thyroidectomy: Experience through Consecutive 100 Cases
Previous Article in Journal
Nociception Level Index-Directed Erector Spinae Plane Block in Open Heart Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Medicina
Volume 58
Issue 10
10.3390/medicina58101464
medicina-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Single-Center Experience of Parathyroidectomy Using Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring

by
Seong Hoon Kim
†,
Si Yeon Lee
†,
Eun Ah Min
,
Young Mi Hwang
,
Yun Suk Choi
*,‡ and
Jin Wook Yi
*,‡
Department of Surgery, Inha University Hospital, College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These two authors contributed equally to first author in this article.
‡
These two authors contributed equally to the corresponding author in this article.
Medicina 2022, 58(10), 1464; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101464
Submission received: 26 September 2022 / Revised: 13 October 2022 / Accepted: 14 October 2022 / Published: 16 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Clinical and Basic Research on Endocrine Surgery)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Background and Objectives: Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a rare endocrine disease associated with the elevated metabolism of calcium, vitamin D, and phosphate by the hyperfunctioning of the parathyroid glands. Here, we report our experience of parathyroidectomy using intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring in a single tertiary hospital. Materials and Methods: From October 2018 to January 2022, a total of 47 patients underwent parathyroidectomy for HPT. We classified the patients into two groups—primary HPT (PHPT, n = 37) and renal HPT (RHPT, n = 10)—and then reviewed the patients’ data, including their general characteristics, laboratory results, and perioperative complications. Results: Thirty-five of the thirty-seven patients in the PHPT group underwent focused parathyroidectomy, while all ten patients in the RHPT group underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy. IOPTH monitoring based on the Milan criteria was used in all cases. Preoperative and 2-week, 6-month, and 12-month postoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were within the normal range in the PHPT group, whereas they were higher than normal in the RHPT group. Transient hypocalcemia occurred only in the RHPT group, with calcium levels returning to normal levels 12 months after surgery. Conclusions: Parathyroidectomy with IOPTH monitoring in our hospital showed favorable clinical outcomes. However, owing to the small number of patients due to the low frequency of parathyroid disease, long-term, prospective studies are needed in the future.

1. Introduction

Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is an endocrine disease related to the elevated metabolism of calcium (Ca), vitamin D, and phosphate (P) due to the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) [1,2,3]. HPT is classified into primary (PHPT), secondary (SHPT), and tertiary (THPT) disease depending on the disease mechanism. HPT raises serum Ca and P levels and lowers vitamin D levels, resulting in various diseases, including bone, kidney, gastrointestinal, neuropsychiatric, soft tissue, and cardiovascular disorders. A lack of proper treatment of the disease associated with HPT, especially cardiovascular complications, may lead to fatal consequences for the patient [1,2,3]. The treatment required for PHPT is surgical resection of the pathologic parathyroid gland; some medically intractable SHPT and THPT patients also require surgical treatment [4,5].
PHPT is a disease caused by the excessive production of PTH from one or more parathyroid glands. The incidence of PHPT is reported to be approximately 20–50 cases per 100,000 people annually, and it is the third-most common endocrine disorder in the United States [6,7]. Owing to the development of various diagnostic modalities, the number of cases of PHPT has been increasing [8]. Approximately 85% of PHPT cases result from a single parathyroid adenoma, while the remaining 15% of the cases are caused by multiple abnormal glands [9]. In the case of PHPT, surgical excision rather than pharmacological therapy is recommended as the gold standard treatment. Previously, surgery was performed to examine all parathyroid glands using a large incision, but focused parathyroidectomy using minimal skin incision has been introduced with the development of preoperative localizing imaging techniques and intraoperative PTH (IOPTH) monitoring to confirm the complete excision of the pathologic parathyroid glands [10,11,12].
SHPT is a condition characterized by elevated PTH secretion caused by abnormal vitamin D and calcium metabolism. The major cause of SHPT is chronic renal failure, but other causes include gastrointestinal absorption dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency, liver diseases, and pseudohypoparathyroidism [4,5]. THPT is a condition of persistent HPT after kidney transplantation [1,12]. SHPT and THPT are both caused by renal problems and can be classified as RHPT. In most cases of RHPT, pharmacological therapy using cinacalcet is recommended as the initial treatment. When this pharmacological therapy fails to produce a proper response, parathyroidectomy—total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation or subtotal parathyroidectomy—should be recommended [13,14].
Because the incidence of HPT is very low, parathyroid surgery is performed in very few institutions in Korea [12,13,15,16,17,18,19,20]. There are even fewer centers that use the IOPTH assay for monitoring for parathyroid surgery in Korea [21,22,23,24]. A single endocrine surgeon at our hospital has been performing parathyroid surgery using IOPTH since 2018, and we report our initial results of parathyroid surgery in this paper.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Patients

From September 2018 to January 2022, a total of 47 patients received parathyroid surgery due to HPT. All patients who underwent parathyroidectomy at Inha University were included, and there were no special exclusion criteria. The clinical diagnoses were as follows: PHPT in 37 patients, SHPT in 9 patients, and THPT in 1 patient. In the analysis, the SHPT and THPT patients were included in the RHPT group as they shared the same origin of HPT (renal dysfunction). We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records for the patients’ clinical information, laboratory test results (for Ca, ionized Ca, P, and PTH), surgical findings, hospitalization records, and pathologic reports.

2.2. Surgical Indication

In PHPT, surgery was performed on patients who had symptoms (nephrolithiasis, fractures, symptomatic hypercalcemia). For asymptomatic PTHP patients, surgery was performed if serum calcium was more than 1.0 mg/dL above the normal, creatinine clearance <60 cc/min, nephrocalcinosis or nephrolithiasis identified on imaging, 24 h urine calcium >400 mg/day, osteoporosis by bone density at any site (T score ≤−2.5), clinical fragility fracture, vertebral compression fracture on spine imaging, or age <50 years. If medical therapy was refractory, surgery was performed on SHPT patients with symptoms and markedly elevated PTH levels. That includes a persistent high serum level of intact PTH level >500 pg/m, hyperphosphatemia (serum P > 6.0 mg/dL) and/or hypercalcemia (serum Ca > 10.0 mg/dL), deformity, fracture, progressive reduction in bone mineral content, ectopic calcification, or neuro-muscular psychiatric symptoms, etc. In THPT, surgery was performed on patients with persistent hypercalcemia more than 6 months after kidney transplant, low bone mineral density, renal stone or nephrocalcinosis, deterioration of kidney graft due to THPT, symptomatic HPT, or enlarged parathyroid gland detected by the US [2,3].

2.3. Surgery Methods and IOPTH Monitoring

All surgeries were performed by a single endocrine surgeon (JW Yi). A 2–3 cm skin incision was used to perform focused parathyroidectomy for PHPT. Before the surgery, the location of the pathologic parathyroid gland was determined by parathyroid SPECT-CT and ultrasound-guided skin marking. Subtotal parathyroidectomy (the removal of three and a half parathyroid glands) was applied for RHPT patients using a transverse skin incision of ~7–9 cm. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (NIM 3.0, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used in all parathyroid surgeries.
The IOPTH assay was performed at four surgical time points: pre-incision, pre-excision, and 5 min and 10 min after the removal of the pathologic parathyroid gland. The Miami criterion (a >50% decrease in PTH 10 min after parathyroidectomy compared to the highest level of PTH before the excision) was indicated for the successful removal of the hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland in both focused and subtotal parathyroidectomy in our institution [25]. In focused parathyroidectomy, bilateral exploration was indicated when the PTH level was not successfully decreased. For the subtotal parathyroidectomy, all parathyroid glands were identified through bilateral exploration, saving half of the most normal-looking gland and removing the remaining three glands. Pre-excision PTH was sampled after one and a half glands were removed, while post-excision PTH was sampled 5 and 10 min after the complete removal of the three and a half glands. Laboratory tests for PTH, Ca, ionized Ca, and P were performed on the admission day, the day after surgery, and 6 and 12 months after surgery.

2.4. Statistics and Ethical Consideration

We used R programming language version 4.2.0 for the statistical analysis [15]. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was applied to the cross-table analysis according to the sample size. The unpaired t-test was used for the mean comparison. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value < 0.05. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the institutional review board of our hospital (IRB number: 2022-05-028).

3. Results

Table 1 presents the clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients. Among all 47 patients, 37 were female and 10 were male; the mean age was 56.50 ± 11.54 years. The clinical diagnoses were PHPT in 37 patients, SHPT in 9 patients, and THPT in 1 patient. The pathologic diagnoses were parathyroid adenoma and parathyroid hyperplasia in 31 and 16 patients, respectively. Among the 37 PHPT patients, one-gland parathyroidectomy was performed in 35 patients, two-gland parathyroidectomy was performed in 1 patient, and bilateral exploration with the removal of three glands was performed in 1 patient. Subtotal parathyroidectomy was performed in all 10 patients with RHPT. Although transient vocal cord palsy occurred in two patients, no permanent vocal cord palsy was observed. Hypertrophic scars were observed in two patients.
Table 2 presents the comparative results between PHPT and RHPT. Age did not differ between the two groups, but the proportion of female patients was significantly higher in the PHPT group than in the RHPT group (32/37 (86.5%) versus 5/10 (50.0%); p = 0.024). The major clinical manifestations of PHPT were ureteral or renal stones, osteoporosis, and a history of bone fracture. The operation time was longer (68.2 ± 42.8 min versus 83.0 ± 21.4 min, p = 0.139), the estimated blood loss was higher (10.8 ± 20.1 mL versus 130.0 ± 248.6 mL, p = 0.164), and the hospital stay days were longer (1.8 ± 1.1 days versus 6.0 ± 6.2 days, p = 0.059) in the RHPT group. In the PHPT group, the most common positions of the hyperfunctioning glands were the lower right (14 glands) and lower left (12 glands). The upper left was the most common location of the saved glands in the RHPT group.
Table 3 and Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the laboratory findings of the PHPT and RHPT groups. The preoperative PTH level was significantly higher in the RHPT group (161.6 ± 95.4 pg/mL versus 1242.1 ± 1075.3 pg/mL; p = 0.011). The PTH level measured at 6 months and 12 months after surgery did not differ significantly between the two groups. According to the IOPTH assay results, the PTH levels at all time points were higher in the RHPT group than in the PHPT group. A >50% decrease in the PTH level was observed 10 min after the excision in all patients in the PHPT and RHPT groups. The preoperative Ca level was significantly higher in the PHPT group (10.9 ± 0.9 mg/dL versus 9.6 ± 1.7 mg/dL; p = 0.042). After surgery, the Ca level was normalized in the PHPT group, whereas hypocalcemia was observed in the RHPT group at 6 months after surgery (9.5 ± 1.3 mg/dL versus 6.8 ± 1.2 mg/dL; p = 0.003). No difference was observed in the Ca levels 12 months after surgery (8.6 ± 2.8 mg/dL versus 8.6 ± 2.07 mg/dL; p = 0.942). There was no significant difference in the ionized Ca level between the two groups before or after surgery. The P level was significantly higher in the RHPT group before surgery (2.6 ± 0.5 mg/dL versus 3.9 ± 1.1 mg/dL; p = 0.023) but decreased and increased again 12 months after surgery, without any significant difference between the PHPT and RHPT groups (3.3 ± 0.6 mg/dL versus 4.1 ± 1.3 mg/dL; p = 0.377).

4. Discussion

In 1925, in what is known as the first attempted surgical treatment of HPT, Felix Man reported that clinical symptoms improved after removing the enlarged parathyroid gland in a patient with severe bone lesions [26]. With the development of automatic analyzers that can measure serum Ca levels, the detection rate of hypercalcemia has increased since the 1970s. Previously, PHPT was mainly diagnosed by characteristic symptoms, but recently, asymptomatic HPT has been mainly diagnosed through health examinations using biochemical analyses and neck imaging techniques, including ultrasound and computed tomography [27]. According to a single-center experience in Korea, there have been more HPT patients during the last 6 years than during the previous 20 years [28]. This means that the diagnosis rate of HPT patients is increasing in Korea with the development of health screening. However, according to national health insurance data, the incidence of PHPT in Korea is still very low, with an annual incidence ranging from 0.007% to 0.0014% [29]. The most important laboratory tests for HPT are serum Ca and PTH levels. Traditionally, 24 h urine Ca amount, serum chloride concentration, serum chloride-to-P ratio, serum alkaline phosphatase, and tubular P reabsorption rate have been used for differential diagnosis. However, anatomical and functional imaging techniques are more useful in recent clinical diagnosis and surgical planning [30]. Neck ultrasound and 99mTC-sestamibi scanning are very helpful to localize the hyperfunctioning glands, as the sensitivity of ultrasound is 59–89% and that of 99mTC-sestamibi scanning is 54–88% [31,32,33,34,35]. Moreover, the success rate of parathyroid localization increases by 10–20% when both methods are implemented together [36]. The IOPTH assay, which was first proposed in 1988 by Nussbaum et al., is very helpful to confirm the complete removal of the hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland during surgery [37]. It helps the surgeon to evaluate whether bilateral neck exploration is required after focused parathyroidectomy [34,37]. By using localizing imaging techniques and IOPTH, minimally invasive focused parathyroidectomy can be safely achieved for PHPT [36,38,39].
According to the National Institutes of Health guidelines, surgical treatment is recommended for all symptomatic PHPT patients and for asymptomatic patients under 50 years of age who meet the following criteria: 24 h urinary Ca excretion ≤ 300 mg, serum Ca more than 1 mg/dL than normal level, creatinine clearance < 30%, or osteoporosis diagnosed by the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) test [40]. The bilateral exploration of the parathyroid glands performed in the past has been recently replaced with focused parathyroidectomy as the standard treatment using localization and IOPTH [10,11,41]. Focused parathyroidectomy has the advantages of a smaller incision, a faster recovery period, and a shorter operation time. In this study, out of the 37 patients in the PHPT group, 35 received focused one-gland parathyroidectomy, 1 received two-gland parathyroidectomy, and 1 received bilateral exploration with the excision of three glands. For the last 2 patients, an extended skin excision was performed because the initial postoperative PTH level did not decrease after the one-gland excision. The PTH level decreased after the additional excision of the parathyroid glands, and the surgery was completed. Thus, our experience suggests that IOPTH is useful in preventing reoperation in some PHPT patients (2/37 (5.4%)).
On the other hand, SHPT is a disease in which the observed parathyroid hyperplasia is due to a damaged kidney. Approximately 5–25% of chronic renal failure patients require surgical treatment of their SHPT [42,43]. According to the Japanese Society of Dialysis Therapy (JSDT) guidelines, the target laboratory ranges for P, Ca, and PTH in SHPT patients are 3.5–6.0 mg/dL, 8.4–10.0 mg/dL, and 60–180 pg/mL, respectively [44]. Pharmacological therapy—vitamin D2, D3 analogs, and calcium preparations—is generally recommended as the initial therapy [41,45,46,47]. However, the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guideline recommends that parathyroidectomy should be considered when the PTH level reaches 800 pg/mL, or when the patient suffers from medically intractable hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia [48].
Pathologic findings in RHPT are parathyroid hyperplasia in all the parathyroid glands. Thus, the proper removal of the parathyroid glands is very important in RHPT surgery. Therefore, IOPTH is also helpful to confirm the successful removal of the pathologic parathyroid glands in RHPT surgery. Subtotal parathyroidectomy and total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation are widely used in RHPT surgery. Our center performs subtotal parathyroidectomy due to its several benefits such as shorter operation time, shorter hospital stay, and the reduced need for vitamin D medication [13,14]. As some ectopic parathyroid glands may exist, preoperative images and IOPTH levels are helpful to identify them. In this study, there were no suspected ectopic parathyroid glands in any of the RHPT patients. At the 1-year follow-up, the PTH and Ca levels were stabilized in our patients after the surgery, as shown in Table 3.
Previous studies have reported that the recurrence rate after parathyroidectomy was 0.4% in PHPT and 26% in SHPT [45,49]. In our study, RHPT patients had significantly higher PTH levels before surgery than PHPT patients; the PTH levels were also significantly higher in the IOPTH assay. The PTH levels in the RHPT group were also high at 6 months and 12 months after surgery. However, the postoperative PTH levels met the JSDT guideline in both groups [44]. The preoperative Ca levels were significantly higher in the PHPT group, but postoperative transient hypocalcemia was observed only in the RHPT group 6 months after surgery (9.5 ± 1.3 mg/dL versus 6.8 ± 1.2 mg/dL; p < 0.003). The Ca levels were recovered to normal levels at 12 months after surgery. This result shows that proper postoperative Ca supplements are required for RHPT patients to prevent symptoms of hypocalcemia due to the excessive bone reabsorption of Ca after parathyroidectomy [13,15].
This study reported on parathyroid surgery for the past 2 years at a single center in South Korea. Considering the low incidence of HPT, our sample of 47 patients was meaningful to evaluate the outcome of parathyroid surgery using IOPTH. Although there are studies suggesting that preoperative localization imaging is a powerful tool for the successful resection of pathologic parathyroid glands in experienced centers, the addition of the IOPTH assay should be considered to prevent surgical failure for novice endocrine surgeons or inexperienced hospitals [50].
Our study was a retrospective descriptive analysis with a small number of patients from a single hospital. Considering the low incidence of HPT, we postulate that this study has clinical significance to the endocrine surgery field, especially in South Korea. Nationwide studies should be conducted in future research to evaluate the outcome of parathyroid surgery in South Korea.

5. Conclusions

HPT is a disease with a low incidence rate, but the frequency of detection is increasing with the development of medical examination techniques. Focused parathyroidectomy with PHPT is considered acceptable. In RHPT, it is necessary to completely remove the hyperfunctioning gland. The IOPTH assay can help surgeons to reduce incomplete excision and recurrence.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.H.K., Y.S.C., and J.W.Y.; Data curation, S.Y.L., E.A.M., and J.W.Y.; Formal analysis, S.Y.L. and J.W.Y.; Funding acquisition, J.W.Y.; Investigation, S.Y.L. and J.W.Y.; Methodology, Y.M.H., Y.S.C., and J.W.Y.; Project administration, Y.S.C. and S.Y.L.; Resource acquisition, Y.S.C. and J.W.Y.; Supervision, J.W.Y.; Writing—original draft, Y.S.C.; Writing—review and editing, S.H.K. and J.W.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Inha University Hospital on May 30, 2022. (IRB number: INH 2022-05-028).

Informed Consent Statement

Patient consent was waived as this study is retrospective and had no additional interventions and collected no collecting private information.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in this article.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by an Inha University Hospital research grant.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References

  1. Fraser, W.D. Hyperparathyroidism. Lancet 2009, 374, 145–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Cho, N.L.; Doherty, G.M. 55—Principles in surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism. In Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands, 3rd ed.; Randolph, G.W., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021; pp. 502–516.e5. [Google Scholar]
  3. Tominaga, Y. Surgical management of secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. In Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands, 3rd ed.; Randolph, G.W., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021; pp. 564–575.e4. [Google Scholar]
  4. Cunningham, J.; Locatelli, F.; Rodriguez, M. Secondary hyperparathyroidism: Pathogenesis, disease progression, and therapeutic options. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2011, 6, 913–921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Madorin, C.; Owen, R.P.; Fraser, W.D.; Pellitteri, P.K.; Radbill, B.; Rinaldo, A.; Seethala, R.R.; Shaha, A.R.; Silver, C.E.; Suh, M.Y.; et al. The surgical management of renal hyperparathyroidism. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 2012, 269, 1565–1576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Adler, J.T.; Sippel, R.S.; Chen, H. New trends in parathyroid surgery. Curr. Probl. Surg. 2010, 47, 958–1017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Wermers, R.A.; Khosla, S.; Atkinson, E.J.; Achenbach, S.J.; Oberg, A.L.; Grant, C.S.; Melton, L.J., 3rd. Incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism in Rochester, Minnesota, 1993–2001: An update on the changing epidemiology of the disease. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2006, 21, 171–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Macfarlane, D.P.; Yu, N.; Donnan, P.T.; Leese, G.P. Should ‘mild primary hyperparathyroidism’ be reclassified as ‘insidious’: Is it time to reconsider? Clin. Endocrinol. 2011, 75, 730–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Marcocci, C.; Cetani, F. Primary hyperparathyroidism. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 365, 2389–2397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Dillavou, E.D.; Cohn, H.E. Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: 101 consecutive cases from a single surgeon. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2003, 197, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Grant, C.S.; Thompson, G.; Farley, D.; van Heerden, J. Primary hyperparathyroidism surgical management since the introduction of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: Mayo Clinic experience. Arch. Surg. 2005, 140, 472–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Park, J.H.; Kang, S.W.; Jeong, J.J.; Nam, K.H.; Chang, H.S.; Chung, W.Y.; Park, C.S. Surgical treatment of tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation: A 31-year experience in a single institution. Endocr. J. 2011, 58, 827–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Choi, H.R.; Aboueisha, M.A.; Attia, A.S.; Omar, M.; ELnahla, A.; Toraih, E.A.; Shama, M.; Chung, W.Y.; Jeong, J.J.; Kandil, E. Outcomes of subtotal parathyroidectomy versus total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation for tertiary hyperparathyroidism: Multi-institutional study. Ann. Surg. 2021, 274, 674–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Yuan, Q.; Liao, Y.; Zhou, R.; Liu, J.; Tang, J.; Wu, G. Subtotal parathyroidectomy versus total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation for secondary hyperparathyroidism: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch. Surg. 2019, 404, 669–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Choi, Y.-S.; Lee, K.E.; Koo, D.H.; Oh, E.M.; Choi, J.Y.; Park, K.-W.; Noh, D.Y.; Youn, Y.-K.; Oh, S.-K. The postoperative outcomes of patients with primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism: 14 year experience of Seoul National University Hospital. Korean J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 7, 52–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Jeon, H.J.; Kim, Y.J.; Kwon, H.Y.; Koo, T.Y.; Baek, S.H.; Kim, H.J.; Huh, W.S.; Huh, K.H.; Kim, M.S.; Kim, Y.S.; et al. Impact of parathyroidectomy on allograft outcomes in kidney transplantation. Transpl. Int. 2012, 25, 1248–1256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Kim, M.S.; Kim, G.H.; Lee, C.H.; Park, J.S.; Lee, J.Y.; Tae, K. Surgical outcomes of subtotal parathyroidectomy for renal hyperparathyroidism. Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol. 2020, 13, 173–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Kim, W.W.; Rhee, Y.; Ban, E.J.; Lee, C.R.; Kang, S.W.; Jeong, J.J.; Nam, K.H.; Chung, W.Y.; Park, C.S. Is focused parathyroidectomy appropriate for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism? Ann. Surg. Treat. Res. 2016, 91, 97–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Kim, W.Y.; Lee, J.B.; Kim, H.Y.; Woo, S.U.; Son, G.S.; Bae, J.W. Achievement of the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative: Recommended serum calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone values with parathyroidectomy in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. J. Korean Surg. Soc. 2013, 85, 25–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Kim, Y.I.; Jung, Y.H.; Hwang, K.T.; Lee, H.Y. Efficacy of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT for minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: Comparative study with 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy, SPECT, US and CT. Ann. Nucl. Med. 2012, 26, 804–810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Cho, E.; Chang, J.M.; Yoon, S.Y.; Lee, G.T.; Ku, Y.H.; Kim, H.I.; Lee, M.C.; Lee, G.H.; Kim, M.J. Preoperative localization and intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay in Korean patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014, 29, 464–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Kim, H.G.; Kim, W.Y.; Woo, S.U.; Lee, J.B.; Lee, Y.M. Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy with or without intraoperative parathyroid hormone for primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann. Surg. Treat. Res. 2015, 89, 111–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Kim, W.Y.; Lee, J.B.; Kim, H.Y. Efficacy of intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring to predict success of parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism. J. Korean Surg Soc. 2012, 83, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  24. Paek, S.H.; Kim, S.J.; Choi, J.Y.; Lee, K.E. Clinical usefulness of intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring for primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann. Surg. Treat. Res. 2018, 94, 69–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Carneiro, D.M.; Solorzano, C.C.; Nader, M.C.; Ramirez, M.; Irvin, G.L., 3rd. Comparison of intraoperative iPTH assay (QPTH) criteria in guiding parathyroidectomy: Which criterion is the most accurate? Surgery 2003, 134, 973–979; discussion 979–981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Liu, H.; Wilkerson, M.L.; Lin, F. Thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands. In Handbook of Practical Immunohistochemistry: Frequently Asked Questions; Lin, F., Prichard, J.W., Liu, H., Wilkerson, M.L., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2022; pp. 339–374. [Google Scholar]
  27. Bilezikian, J.P.; Khan, A.A.; Potts, J.T., Jr. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: Summary statement from the third international workshop. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 94, 335–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Kwon, W.; Jang, M.C.; Noh, D.Y.; Youn, Y.K.; Oh, S.K. Primary hyperparathyroidism: A 26-year experience at Seoul National University Hospital. Korean J. Endocr. Surg. 2007, 7, 147–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Kim, J.K.; Chai, Y.J.; Chung, J.K.; Hwang, K.T.; Heo, S.C.; Kim, S.J.; Choi, J.Y.; Yi, K.H.; Kim, S.W.; Cho, S.Y.; et al. The prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism in Korea: A population-based analysis from patient medical records. Ann. Surg. Treat. Res. 2018, 94, 235–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Heath, D.A. Primary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical presentation and factors influencing clinical management. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am. 1989, 18, 631–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Arici, C.; Cheah, W.K.; Ituarte, P.H.; Morita, E.; Lynch, T.C.; Siperstein, A.E.; Duh, Q.Y.; Clark, O.H. Can localization studies be used to direct focused parathyroid operations? Surgery 2001, 129, 720–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Ryan, J.A., Jr.; Eisenberg, B.; Pado, K.M.; Lee, F. Efficacy of selective unilateral exploration in hyperparathyroidism based on localization tests. Arch. Surg. 1997, 132, 886–890; discussion 890–891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Martin, R.C., 2nd; Greenwell, D.; Flynn, M.B. Initial neck exploration for untreated hyperparathyroidism. Am. Surg. 2000, 66, 269–272. [Google Scholar]
  34. Irvin, G.L., 3rd; Dembrow, V.D.; Prudhomme, D.L. Operative monitoring of parathyroid gland hyperfunction. Am. J. Surg. 1991, 162, 299–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Chapuis, Y.; Fulla, Y.; Bonnichon, P.; Tarla, E.; Abboud, B.; Pitre, J.; Richard, B. Values of ultrasonography, sestamibi scintigraphy, and intraoperative measurement of 1-84 PTH for unilateral neck exploration of primary hyperparathyroidism. World J. Surg. 1996, 20, 835–839; discussion 839–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Sugg, S.L.; Krzywda, E.A.; Demeure, M.J.; Wilson, S.D. Detection of multiple gland primary hyperparathyroidism in the era of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Surgery 2004, 136, 1303–1309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Nussbaum, S.R.; Thompson, A.R.; Hutcheson, K.A.; Gaz, R.D.; Wang, C.A. Intraoperative measurement of parathyroid hormone in the surgical management of hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 1988, 104, 1121–1127. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  38. Haciyanli, M.; Lal, G.; Morita, E.; Duh, Q.Y.; Kebebew, E.; Clark, O.H. Accuracy of preoperative localization studies and intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and double adenoma. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2003, 197, 739–746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Fraker, D.L.; Harsono, H.; Lewis, R. Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: Benefits and requirements of localization, diagnosis, and intraoperative PTH monitoring. long-term results. World J. Surg. 2009, 33, 2256–2265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Eigelberger, M.S.; Cheah, W.K.; Ituarte, P.H.; Streja, L.; Duh, Q.Y.; Clark, O.H. The NIH criteria for parathyroidectomy in asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: Are they too limited? Ann. Surg. 2004, 239, 528–535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Aygün, N.; Uludağ, M. Surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: Which therapy to whom? Sisli Etfal Hastan Tip Bul. 2019, 53, 201–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Glassford, D.M.; Remmers, A.R., Jr.; Sarles, H.E.; Lindley, J.D.; Scurry, M.T.; Fish, J.C. Hyperparathyroidism in the maintenance dialysis patient. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 1976, 142, 328–332. [Google Scholar]
  43. Higgins, R.M.; Richardson, A.J.; Ratcliffe, P.J.; Woods, C.G.; Oliver, D.O.; Morris, P.J. Total parathyroidectomy alone or with autograft for renal hyperparathyroidism? Q. J. Med. 1991, 79, 323–332. [Google Scholar]
  44. Kazama, J.J. Japanese Society of Dialysis Therapy treatment guidelines for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Ther. Apher. Dial. 2007, 11 (Suppl. 1), S44–S47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Stracke, S.; Keller, F.; Steinbach, G.; Henne-Bruns, D.; Wuerl, P. Long-term outcome after total parathyroidectomy for the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephron Clin. Pract. 2009, 111, c102–c109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Tominaga, Y.; Matsuoka, S.; Uno, N.; Sato, T. Parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism in the era of calcimimetics. Ther Apher Dial. 2008, 12 (Suppl. 1), S21–S26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Saliba, W.; El-Haddad, B. Secondary hyperparathyroidism: Pathophysiology and treatment. J. Am. Board Fam. Med. 2009, 22, 574–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2003, 42, S1–S201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Clark, O.H.; Wilkes, W.; Siperstein, A.E.; Duh, Q.Y. Diagnosis and management of asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism: Safety, efficacy, and deficiencies in our knowledge. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1991, 6 (Suppl. 2), S135–S142; discussion 151–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Patel, N.; Mihai, R. Long-term cure of primary hyperparathyroidism after scan-directed parathyroidectomy: Outcomes from a UK endocrine surgery unit. World J. Surg. 2022, 46, 2189–2194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Medicina 58 01464 g001 550
Figure 1. IOPTH assay according to primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and renal (secondary and tertiary) hyperparathyroidism (RHPT).
Figure 1. IOPTH assay according to primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and renal (secondary and tertiary) hyperparathyroidism (RHPT).
Medicina 58 01464 g001
Medicina 58 01464 g002a 550Medicina 58 01464 g002b 550
Figure 2. Laboratory results change before and after parathyroidectomy according to primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and renal (secondary and tertiary) hyperparathyroidism (RHPT). ((A) PTH. (B) Calcium. (C) Ionized Calcium. (D) Phosphate).
Figure 2. Laboratory results change before and after parathyroidectomy according to primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and renal (secondary and tertiary) hyperparathyroidism (RHPT). ((A) PTH. (B) Calcium. (C) Ionized Calcium. (D) Phosphate).
Medicina 58 01464 g002aMedicina 58 01464 g002b
Table
Table 1. General characteristics of all hyperparathyroidism patients (n = 47).
Table 1. General characteristics of all hyperparathyroidism patients (n = 47).
VariablesNumber of Patients
Age (years, mean ± sd)56.5 ± 11.5
Sex
 Male10
 Female37
Clinical diagnosis
 Primary hyperparathyroidism37
 Secondary hyperparathyroidism9
 Tertiary hyperparathyroidism1
Parathyroidectomy extent
 One-gland parathyroidectomy35
 Two-gland parathyroidectomy1
 Bilateral exploration1
 Subtotal parathyroidectomy10
Pathologic diagnosis
 Parathyroid adenoma31
 Parathyroid hyperplasia16
Postoperative complications
 Transient vocal cord palsy2
 Permanent vocal cord palsy0
 Hypertrophic scar or keloid2
Table
Table 2. Comparison between primary and renal (secondary and tertiary) hyperparathyroidism.
Table 2. Comparison between primary and renal (secondary and tertiary) hyperparathyroidism.
VariablesPHPT (n = 37)RHPT (n = 10)p-Value
Age (years, mean ± sd)57.1 ± 12.154.2 ± 9.30.425
Sex
 Male5 (13.5%)5 (50.0%)0.024
 Female32 (86.5%)5 (50.0%)
BMI (kg/m2, mean ± sd)24.0 ± 4.024.0 ± 2.50.983
Comorbidity (number of patients)
 Diabetes41
 Hypertension97
 Chronic renal failure010
 Coronary artery disease20
 Arrhythmia10
 Cerebrovascular disease10
 Hepatitis B10
 Tuberculosis10
 Osteoporosis40
 Fracture history10
 Ureter or renal stone70
Operation time (min, mean ± sd)68.2 ± 42.883.0 ± 21.40.139
Estimated blood loss (mL, mean ± sd)10.8 ± 20.1130.0 ± 248.60.164
Largest gland size (cm, mean ± sd)1.8 ± 1.01.4 ± 1.10.407
Hospital stay days after surgery
(days, mean ± sd)		1.8 ± 1.16.0 ± 6.20.059
Pathologic gland location
(Focused parathyroidectomy), number (%)
 Lower right 14 (36.8%)
 Upper right 5 (13.2%)
 Lower left 12 (31.6%)
 Upper left 7 (18.4%)
Saved gland location
(Subtotal parathyroidectomy), number (%)
 Lower right 1 (10.0%)
 Upper right 2 (20.0%)
 Lower left 1 (10.0%)
 Upper left 6 (60.0%)
Table
Table 3. Laboratory findings according to primary and renal (secondary and tertiary) hyperparathyroidism.
Table 3. Laboratory findings according to primary and renal (secondary and tertiary) hyperparathyroidism.
VariablesPHPT (n = 37)RHPT (n = 10)p-Value
PTH, preoperative (pg/mL)161.6 ± 95.41242.1 ± 1075.30.011
PTH, pre-incision (pg/mL)210.3 ± 168.51200.4 ± 773.40.005
PTH, pre-excision (pg/mL)143.2 ± 90.8415.0 ± 269.40.056
PTH, 5 min after excision (pg/mL)64.0 ± 39.2324.6 ± 258.20.087
PTH, 10 min after excision (pg/mL)39.0 ± 25.0171.7 ± 138.60.021
PTH, 6 months after surgery (pg/mL)52.1 ± 31.871.9 ± 78.20.454
PTH, 12 months after surgery (pg/mL)50.2 ± 27.0108.7 ± 172.20.313
Calcium, preoperative (mg/dL)10.9 ± 0.99.6 ± 1.70.042
Calcium, postoperative (mg/dL)8.9 ± 0.87.9 ± 1.90.120
Calcium, 6 months after surgery (mg/dL)9.5 ± 1.36.8 ± 1.20.003
Calcium, 12 months after surgery (mg/dL)8.6 ± 2.88.6 ± 2.00.942
Ionized calcium, preoperative (mmol/L)1.4 ± 0.11.2 ± 0.30.132
Ionized calcium, postoperative (mmol/L)1.1 ± 0.11.0 ± 0.20.136
Ionized calcium, 6 months after surgery (mmol/L)1.2 ± 0.11.1 ± 0.30.334
Ionized calcium, 12 months after surgery (mmol/L)1.2 ± 0.21.1 ± 0.40.391
Phosphate, preoperative (mg/dL)2.6 ± 0.53.9 ± 1.10.023
Phosphate, postoperative (mg/dL)3.05 ± 0.93.8 ± 1.20.061
Phosphate, 6 months after surgery (mg/dL)3.3 ± 0.72.7 ± 0.40.075
Phosphate, 12 months after surgery (mg/dL)3.3 ± 0.64.1 ± 1.30.377
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, S.H.; Lee, S.Y.; Min, E.A.; Hwang, Y.M.; Choi, Y.S.; Yi, J.W. Single-Center Experience of Parathyroidectomy Using Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring. Medicina 2022, 58, 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101464

AMA Style

Kim SH, Lee SY, Min EA, Hwang YM, Choi YS, Yi JW. Single-Center Experience of Parathyroidectomy Using Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring. Medicina. 2022; 58(10):1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101464

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Seong Hoon, Si Yeon Lee, Eun Ah Min, Young Mi Hwang, Yun Suk Choi, and Jin Wook Yi. 2022. "Single-Center Experience of Parathyroidectomy Using Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring" Medicina 58, no. 10: 1464. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101464

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop