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Biomedicines
Special Issues
Neonatal Disease: From Pathophysiology to Current and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches
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Neonatal Disease: From Pathophysiology to Current and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cell Biology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2024 | Viewed by 3657

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Fumihiko Namba

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe 3508550, Japan
Interests: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; patent ductus arteriosus; preterm infants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In light of the remarkable advancements in perinatal and neonatal care, we have witnessed a significant reduction in neonatal and infant mortality rates. Yet, challenges persist, as some infants grapple with neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other complications despite receiving standard treatments. While fetal therapy, cell therapy, therapeutic medical gases, and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have emerged as promising avenues for addressing neonatal diseases, there remains a pressing need for a deeper comprehension of the underlying pathophysiology and the development of novel treatment modalities tailored to this intricate landscape.

We cordially invite distinguished researchers like yourself to contribute their original research and comprehensive review articles that delve into the recent breakthroughs in understanding the pathophysiology of neonatal diseases. Additionally, we are eager to receive submissions that shed light on innovative therapeutic approaches and their profound impact on the well-being of afflicted children. We also extend an invitation to researchers exploring the molecular mechanisms underpinning pharmacological interventions in neonatal care.

We earnestly seek original, high-quality contributions that have not been previously published elsewhere nor are currently under review by other esteemed journals or peer-reviewed conferences. Your expertise and insights will undoubtedly enrich the discourse surrounding neonatal healthcare and ultimately pave the way for improved outcomes in neonatal medicine.

We look forward to receiving your valuable contributions and fostering a platform for exchanging knowledge that will undoubtedly shape the future of neonatal care.

Dr. Fumihiko Namba
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 5483 KiB  
Article
Extracellular Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Is a Therapeutic Target in Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis
by Melissa D. Halpern, Akash Gupta, Nahla Zaghloul, Senthilkumar Thulasingam, Christine M. Calton, Sara M. Camp, Joe G. N. Garcia and Mohamed Ahmed
Biomedicines 2024, 12(5), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12050970 - 28 Apr 2024
Viewed by 418
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal emergency of prematurity. Postulated mechanisms leading to inflammatory necrosis of the ileum and colon include activation of the pathogen recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and decreased levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). Extracellular [...] Read more.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal emergency of prematurity. Postulated mechanisms leading to inflammatory necrosis of the ileum and colon include activation of the pathogen recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and decreased levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). Extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT), a novel damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), is a TLR4 ligand and plays a role in a number of inflammatory disease processes. To test the hypothesis that eNAMPT is involved in NEC, an eNAMPT-neutralizing monoclonal antibody, ALT-100, was used in a well-established animal model of NEC. Preterm Sprague–Dawley pups delivered prematurely from timed-pregnant dams were exposed to hypoxia/hypothermia and randomized to control—foster mother dam-fed rats, injected IP with saline (vehicle) 48 h after delivery; control + mAB—foster dam-fed rats, injected IP with 10 µg of ALT-100 at 48 h post-delivery; NEC—orally gavaged, formula-fed rats injected with saline; and NEC + mAb—formula-fed rats, injected IP with 10 µg of ALT-100 at 48 h. The distal ileum was processed 96 h after C-section delivery for histological, biochemical, molecular, and RNA sequencing studies. Saline-treated NEC pups exhibited markedly increased fecal blood and histologic ileal damage compared to controls (q < 0.0001), and findings significantly reduced in ALT-100 mAb-treated NEC pups (q < 0.01). Real-time PCR in ileal tissues revealed increased NAMPT in NEC pups compared to pups that received the ALT-100 mAb (p < 0.01). Elevated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and NAMPT were observed in NEC pups compared to NEC + mAb pups (p < 0.01). Finally, RNA-Seq confirmed dysregulated TGFβ and TLR4 signaling pathways in NEC pups that were attenuated by ALT-100 mAb treatment. These data strongly support the involvement of eNAMPT in NEC pathobiology and eNAMPT neutralization as a strategy to address the unmet need for NEC therapeutics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neonatal Disease: From Pathophysiology to Current and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches)
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13 pages, 470 KiB  
Article
The Outcomes of Preterm Infants with Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated by Minimally Invasive Surfactant Therapy and Non-Invasive Ventilation
by Tzyy-Rong Huang, Hsiu-Lin Chen, Shu-Ting Yang, Pin-Chun Su and Hao-Wei Chung
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040838 - 10 Apr 2024
Viewed by 889
Abstract
In recent years, the utilization of minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) and Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) as the primary respiratory assistance has become increasingly prevalent among preterm infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This study aims to compare the outcomes between MIST administered [...] Read more.
In recent years, the utilization of minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) and Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) as the primary respiratory assistance has become increasingly prevalent among preterm infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This study aims to compare the outcomes between MIST administered with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) versus nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), with the objective of exploring the respiratory therapeutic benefits of these two approaches. This retrospective study collected data from the neonatal intensive care unit of Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital spanning from January 2016 to June 2021. Infants were divided into two groups based on the type of NIV utilized. The NCPAP group comprised 32 infants, while the NIPPV group comprised 22 infants. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences: the NIPPV group had a smaller gestational age, lower birth weight, higher proportion of female infants, and earlier initiation of MIST. Additionally, the NIPPV group exhibited higher incidence rates of retinopathy of prematurity, longer respiratory support duration, prolonged hospitalization, and mortality. However, upon adjustment, these differences were not statistically significant. Analysis of venous blood gas and respiratory parameter changes indicated that both the NCPAP and NIPPV groups experienced improvements in oxygenation and ventilation following MIST. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neonatal Disease: From Pathophysiology to Current and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches)
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12 pages, 2286 KiB  
Article
Genetic Ablation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Isoform 4 Gene Enhances Recovery from Hyperoxic Lung Injury: Insights into Antioxidant and Inflammatory Mechanisms
by Keisuke Watanabe, Akie Kato, Hiroyuki Adachi, Atsuko Noguchi, Hirokazu Arai, Masato Ito, Fumihiko Namba and Tsutomu Takahashi
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040746 - 27 Mar 2024
Viewed by 661
Abstract
Background: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 4 (PDK4) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis. The objective of this study was to examine whether the genetic depletion of the PDK4 gene attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal mice. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 4 (PDK4) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis. The objective of this study was to examine whether the genetic depletion of the PDK4 gene attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal mice. Methods: Neonatal PDK4−/− mice and wild-type (WT) mice were exposed to oxygen concentrations of 21% (normoxia) and 95% (hyperoxia) for the first 4 days of life. Pulmonary histological assessments were performed, and the mRNA levels of lung PDK4, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and interleukin (IL)-6 were assessed. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue were quantified. Results: Following convalescence from neonatal hyperoxia, PDK4−/− mice exhibited improved lung alveolarization. Notably, PDK4−/− mice displayed significantly elevated MCP-1 protein levels in pulmonary tissues following 4 days of hyperoxic exposure, whereas WT mice showed increased IL-6 protein levels under similar conditions. Furthermore, neonatal PDK4−/− mice subjected to hyperoxia demonstrated markedly higher MCP-1 mRNA expression at 4 days of age compared to WT mice, while IL-6 mRNA expression remained unaffected in PDK4−/− mice. Conclusions: Newborn PDK4−/− mice exhibited notable recovery from hyperoxia-induced lung injury, suggesting the potential protective role of PDK4 depletion in mitigating lung damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neonatal Disease: From Pathophysiology to Current and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches)
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Review

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13 pages, 2307 KiB  
Review
Tadalafil for Treatment of Fetal Growth Restriction: A Review of Experimental and Clinical Studies
by Shintaro Maki, Sho Takakura, Makoto Tsuji, Shoichi Magawa, Yuya Tamaishi, Masafumi Nii, Michiko Kaneda, Kenta Yoshida, Kuniaki Toriyabe, Eiji Kondo and Tomoaki Ikeda
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040804 - 4 Apr 2024
Viewed by 624
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a major concern in perinatal care. Various medications have been proposed as potential treatments for this serious condition. Nonetheless, there is still no definitive treatment. We studied tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, as a therapeutic agent for FGR in [...] Read more.
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a major concern in perinatal care. Various medications have been proposed as potential treatments for this serious condition. Nonetheless, there is still no definitive treatment. We studied tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, as a therapeutic agent for FGR in clinical studies and animal experiments. In this review, we summarize our preclinical and clinical data on the use of tadalafil for FGR. Our studies in mouse models indicated that tadalafil improved FGR and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. A phase II trial we conducted provided evidence supporting the efficacy of tadalafil in prolonging pregnancy (52.4 vs. 36.8 days; p = 0.03) and indicated a good safety profile for fetuses and neonates. Fetal, neonatal, and infant mortality was significantly lower in mothers receiving tadalafil treatment than that in controls (total number: 1 vs. 7, respectively; p = 0.03), and no severe adverse maternal events associated with tadalafil were observed. Although further studies are needed to establish the usefulness of tadalafil in FGR treatment, our research indicates that the use of tadalafil in FGR treatment may be a paradigm shift in perinatal care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neonatal Disease: From Pathophysiology to Current and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches)
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