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Vaccines
Special Issues
Vaccine Development for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases
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Vaccine Development for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 September 2024 | Viewed by 3296

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Velmurugan Balaraman

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
Interests: emerging zoonotic viruses; virus-vector-host interactions; recombinant vaccines; vaccines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, the significance of emerging zoonotic diseases has grown exponentially. The occurrence of zoonotic disease spillover arises when animal-borne diseases, typically confined to animals, undergo adaption and begin to infect humans. This phenomenon can be attributed to various factors, including both vector-mediated and non-vector-mediated transmission. Factors such as climate change, increased population density, increased global commerce and trade have heightened the risk of viral transmission between animals and humans across diverse regions of the world. Alarmingly, most emerging diseases currently lack effective therapeutic treatments or vaccines for control. As such, it is imperative to uncover the intricacies of the host immune response to these diseases, analyzing the potential and obstacles in developing vaccines against these emerging viruses.

This Special Issue serves as a platform to host original research and comprehensive review articles, all dedicated to the area of emerging and zoonotic animal diseases, with a special focus on vaccine development and the accompanying challenges. The viral disease is not limited to Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), African swine fever virus (ASFV), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). Advancements in vaccine development for zoonotic animal diseases are pivotal, not only for safeguarding animal health but also for enhancing livestock productivity, promoting food security, and mitigating the morbidity and mortality risks associated with potential human and animal diseases.

In this Special Issue, we invite authors to submit original research articles and insightful reviews. Research areas to be explored encompass, but are not limited to, the following:

  1. Novel and emerging pathogen detection in animal;
  2. Safe and efficacious vaccine approaches to treating Rift Valley fever virus, highly pathogenic avian influenza, African swine fever virus, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease;
  3. Vaccine-induced immune responses to animal diseases.

Dr. Velmurugan Balaraman
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • zoonotic diseases
  • Rift Valley fever virus
  • highly pathogenic avian influenza
  • African swine fever virus
  • epizootic hemorrhagic disease
  • vaccine development
  • immune response
  • animals
  • pathogen detection

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 1120 KiB  
Article
Calcium Chloride as a Novel Stabilizer for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Its Application in the Vaccine Formulation
by Jong Sook Jin, Gyeongmin Lee, Jae Young Kim, SooAh Lee, Jong-Hyeon Park, Sun Young Park and Young-Joon Ko
Vaccines 2024, 12(4), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12040367 - 29 Mar 2024
Viewed by 552
Abstract
The thermal stability of the in-house-developed foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) type O and A viruses was evaluated, and the O Jincheon virus was found to exhibit the lowest thermal stability. To overcome this instability, we proposed a novel stabilizer, calcium chloride. The thermal stability [...] Read more.
The thermal stability of the in-house-developed foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) type O and A viruses was evaluated, and the O Jincheon virus was found to exhibit the lowest thermal stability. To overcome this instability, we proposed a novel stabilizer, calcium chloride. The thermal stability of FMDVs increased up to a CaCl2 concentration of 10 mM, and it had a decreasing trend at >30 mM. The O Jincheon virus showed a significant decrease in the amount of antigen over time at 4 °C. In contrast, the samples treated with CaCl2 showed stable preservation of the virus without significant antigen loss. After the CaCl2-formulated vaccine was administered twice to pigs, the virus neutralization titer reached approximately 1:1000, suggesting that the vaccine could protect pigs against the FMDV challenge. In summary, the O Jincheon virus is difficult to utilize as a vaccine given its low stability during storage after antigen production. However, following its treatment with CaCl2, it can be easily utilized as a vaccine. This study evaluated CaCl2 as a novel stabilizer in FMD vaccines and may contribute to the development of stable vaccine formulations, especially for inherently unstable FMDV strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases)
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11 pages, 1584 KiB  
Article
Calcium Chloride Treatment Enhances Antigen Production in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines for Serotypes SAT1 and SAT3
by Dohyun Kim, Sun Young Park, Gyeongmin Lee, Eun-Sol Kim, Jong-Sook Jin, Jae Young Kim, SooAh Lee, Jong-Hyeon Park and Young-Joon Ko
Vaccines 2024, 12(3), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030231 - 23 Feb 2024
Viewed by 615
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection causing acute and severe vesicular lesions in cattle and pigs, which has prompted global vaccination policies. This study presents a technique for enhancing antigen yield in SAT1 BOT and SAT3 ZIM by treatment with [...] Read more.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection causing acute and severe vesicular lesions in cattle and pigs, which has prompted global vaccination policies. This study presents a technique for enhancing antigen yield in SAT1 BOT and SAT3 ZIM by treatment with calcium chloride (CaCl2). We tested changes in cell viability in BHK-21 suspension cells treated with varying concentrations of CaCl2. The optimal CaCl2 concentration was determined based on antigen yield. The timing of CaCl2 supplementation relative to FMD virus inoculation was tested. Finally, the optimal medium for antigen production was identified. We observed a concentration-dependent decrease in BHK-21 cell viability at >7.5 mM CaCl2. A CaCl2 concentration of 3 mM yielded the most antigens. CaCl2 supplementation relative to FMD virus infection was optimal 2 h before or with viral inoculation. CD-BHK 21 medium supplemented with CaCl2 was the most productive medium. Specifically, SAT1 BOT and SAT3 ZIM showed improved antigen production in CD-BHK 21 medium with 3 mM CaCl2, while Provero-1 and Cellvento BHK-200 media showed no significant enhancement. Overall, CaCl2 supplementation enhanced FMD antigen productivity. This study provides a useful framework for enhancing antigen production efficiently in the FMD vaccine industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases)
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10 pages, 1219 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Virus Asia1 Genotype-V as an FMD Vaccine Candidate: Study on Vaccine Antigen Production Yield and Inactivation Kinetics
by Jae Young Kim, Sun Young Park, Sang Hyun Park, Gyeongmin Lee, Jong-Sook Jin, Dohyun Kim, Jong-Hyeon Park, Seong-Yun Jeong and Young-Joon Ko
Vaccines 2024, 12(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020185 - 12 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 855
Abstract
South Korea has experienced outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) of serotypes O and A, leading to nationwide vaccination with a bivalent vaccine. Since the FMD virus (FMDV) Asia1 group-V genotype occurred in North Korea in 2007, an Asia1/MOG/05 vaccine strain belonging to the [...] Read more.
South Korea has experienced outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) of serotypes O and A, leading to nationwide vaccination with a bivalent vaccine. Since the FMD virus (FMDV) Asia1 group-V genotype occurred in North Korea in 2007, an Asia1/MOG/05 vaccine strain belonging to the Asia1 group-V genotype was developed using a genetic recombination method (Asia1/MOG/05-R). This study aimed to evaluate the antigen productivity and viral inactivation kinetics of Asia1/MOG/05-R to assess its commercial viability. The antigen yield of Asia1/MOG/05-R produced in flasks and bioreactors was approximately 4.0 μg/mL. Binary ethylenimine (BEI) inactivation kinetics of Asia1/MOG/05-R showed that 2 mM and 1.0 mM BEI treatment at 26 °C and 37 °C, respectively, resulted in a virus titer <10−7 TCID50/mL within 24 h, meeting the inactivation kinetics criteria. During incubation at 26 °C and 37 °C, 10% antigen loss occurred, but not due to BEI treatment. When pigs were inoculated twice with the Asia1/MOG/05-R antigen, the virus neutralization titer increased to approximately 1:1000; therefore, it can sufficiently protect against Asia1/MOG/05-R and Asia1 Shamir viruses. The Asia1/MOG/05-R will be useful as a vaccine strain for domestic antigen banks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases)
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21 pages, 5927 KiB  
Article
Combined Immunoinformatics to Design and Evaluate a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidate against Streptococcus suis Infection
by Song Liang, Shidan Zhang, Yinli Bao, Yumin Zhang, Xinyi Liu, Huochun Yao and Guangjin Liu
Vaccines 2024, 12(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020137 - 29 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1029
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen with multiple serotypes, and thus, multivalent vaccines generating cross-protection against S. suis infections are urgently needed to improve animal welfare and reduce antibiotic abuse. In this study, we established a systematic and comprehensive [...] Read more.
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen with multiple serotypes, and thus, multivalent vaccines generating cross-protection against S. suis infections are urgently needed to improve animal welfare and reduce antibiotic abuse. In this study, we established a systematic and comprehensive epitope prediction pipeline based on immunoinformatics. Ten candidate epitopes were ultimately selected for building the multi-epitope vaccine (MVSS) against S. suis infections. The ten epitopes of MVSS were all derived from highly conserved, immunogenic, and virulence-associated surface proteins in S. suis. In silico analyses revealed that MVSS was structurally stable and affixed with immune receptors, indicating that it would likely trigger strong immunological reactions in the host. Furthermore, mice models demonstrated that MVSS elicited high titer antibodies and diminished damages in S. suis serotype 2 and Chz infection, significantly reduced sequelae, induced cytokine transcription, and decreased organ bacterial burdens after triple vaccination. Meanwhile, anti-rMVSS serum inhibited five important S. suis serotypes in vitro, exerted beneficial protective effects against S. suis infections and significantly reduced histopathological damage in mice. Given the above, it is possible to develop MVSS as a universal subunit vaccine against multiple serotypes of S. suis infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases)
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